Which Fire Protection System is Best for Server Rooms and Data Centers?

Server rooms are critical infrastructure for modern businesses, housing both expensive hardware and invaluable data essential for daily operations. 

While many companies prioritize cybersecurity and access control for these spaces (both vital), they often overlook a significant physical threat: fire.

The risk of fire in server rooms requires specialized attention due to unique challenges. These areas contain a high concentration of electrical equipment, generate constant heat, and are susceptible to electrical malfunctions—all factors that increase fire risk.

A fire in a server room can have far-reaching consequences beyond immediate physical damage, potentially disrupting business continuity and causing irretrievable data loss.

This article will examine the most effective protection and fire suppression systems for server rooms and data centers. 

Understanding The Unique Fire Risks In Server Rooms

The nature of server rooms creates a perfect storm of fire hazards that demand specialized protection strategies. These spaces are home to a dense network of electrical equipment operating continuously, generating substantial heat and increasing the likelihood of electrical malfunctions.

Electrical issues are at the heart of most server room fire risks, including:

• Wiring malfunctions, particularly in hard-to-access areas like subfloors. These can spark fires without warning. 
• Overheating servers can lead to thermal runaway and potential ignition. 
• Overloading circuits via excessive power draw can cause overheating and electrical fires.
• Short-circuiting from electrical component failures can also spark fires. 

Beyond electrical concerns, server rooms face additional fire hazards. Cooling system failures can rapidly escalate overheating issues, while dust accumulation can create conditions ripe for electrostatic discharges. Plus, the interconnected nature of modern buildings means server rooms are vulnerable to fires spreading from other areas through cable penetrations in walls and ceilings.

These unique risks present distinct challenges for fire protection. Traditional fire suppression methods can often cause as much damage to sensitive equipment as the fire itself. Even brief exposure to smoke can corrode components and lead to data loss. 

Additionally, any fire incident in a server room can result in significant operational disruptions and costly downtime.

To address these challenges, businesses must implement tailored fire protection solutions.

What Are The Fire Codes For Server Rooms?

Server rooms and data centers are subject to specific fire safety standards to protect critical infrastructure and valuable data. Two key National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) standards govern fire protection in these environments:

NFPA 75: Standard for the Fire Protection of Information Technology Equipment

NFPA 75 is the primary standard for fire protection in server rooms and data centers. It provides comprehensive guidelines for protecting IT equipment from fire, smoke, and associated hazards. 

NFPA 75 covers key aspects of server room fire protection, including risk assessment, construction requirements, fire detection, and suppression systems. It mandates the use of fire-resistant materials, smoke detection systems compliant with NFPA 72, and appropriate suppression methods such as clean agent systems. The standard also requires IT equipment to be certified for compliance with ANSI/UL 60950-1 safety standards.

NFPA 76: Standard for the Fire Protection of Telecommunications Facilities

NFPA 76 focuses on fire protection for telecommunications facilities that provide public services. 

While similar to NFPA 75, it has some distinct requirements:

• Very Early Warning Fire Detection (VEWFD): Required for facilities with telecommunication equipment areas exceeding 2,500 square feet.
• Early Warning Fire Detection (EWFD): Mandated for rooms smaller than 2,500 square feet.
• Specialized Suppression: This may include requirements for gaseous suppression systems in areas with active ICT equipment.

It's important to note that while these standards provide crucial guidelines, they are not automatically law. However, many jurisdictions adopt them as part of local fire codes, making compliance mandatory.

Always consult with local authorities and fire protection professionals to ensure your server room meets all applicable regulations and standards.

Why Clean Agent Suppression Systems Offer The Best Fire Protection For Server Rooms

Clean agent fire suppression systems use non-conductive gas designed to extinguish fires shortly after they've started. As the name suggests, these systems are “clean,” so they leave no residue behind, making them ideal for valuable electronics and other delicate environments. 

You can use several types of common clean agent fire safety systems based on the environment and assets being protected.

Inert Gas Fire Suppression System

Inert gas fire suppression systems are an effective solution for protecting server rooms, particularly smaller spaces where people frequently work. These gaseous systems use naturally occurring gases to extinguish fires safely, without harming humans or the environment. 

When deployed, the system floods the area with inert gas, displacing oxygen and suppressing the fire while remaining safe for any occupants.

Ongoing maintenance and testing is particularly important for these systems. Here are some tips for doing so: 

• Conduct visual inspections of the system components quarterly
• Perform a full functional test annually, including simulated discharge
• Check gas cylinder pressure and weight semi-annually
• Replace any damaged or corroded parts immediately
• Keep detailed records of all inspections and tests

Synthetic Gas Fire Suppression System

Synthetic gas fire suppression systems use manufactured chemicals stored in liquid form until deployment. These systems can protect larger areas with a smaller storage footprint compared to inert gas systems. 

However, they work by reducing oxygen levels, which can pose risks in occupied spaces. Synthetic systems are subject to stricter environmental regulations and often come with higher costs.

To ensure these systems work properly: 

• Inspect the system monthly for any visible damage or leaks
• Conduct a room integrity test annually to ensure proper gas concentration
• Check agent quantity and container pressure every six months
• Perform a full system test including simulated discharge every 5 years
• Train staff regularly on system operation and evacuation procedures

Both systems offer effective fire protection for server rooms, but the choice between them depends on factors such as room size, occupancy, and environmental considerations.

FM-200 Fire Protection Systems

FM-200 is a clean agent fire suppression system widely used to protect server rooms and data centers. It's a colorless, compressed, liquefied gas replacement for Halon fire suppression. Systems.

FM-200 suppresses fires by disrupting the fire triangle. It removes heat and free radicals from the combustion process. The system discharges the agent as a gas, achieving fire-extinguishing concentrations in 10 seconds or less. 

This technology offers rapid-fire extinguishing capabilities while being safe for occupied spaces and sensitive equipment.

Despite its benefits, FM-200 has some drawbacks to consider:

• Health Risks: High concentrations may cause headaches, dizziness, or loss of consciousness.
• Frostbite Risk: In liquid form, it can freeze skin or eyes on contact.
• Environmental Impact: While better than some alternatives, it still has a higher Global Warming Potential (GWP) compared to newer options like 3M Novec 1230.

Despite these considerations, FM-200 remains a popular choice for server room fire protection due to its effectiveness, safety profile, and relatively low environmental impact compared to older systems.

Types of Fire Suppression Systems to Avoid in Server Rooms

While fire protection is crucial for server rooms, not all fire suppression systems are suitable for these sensitive environments. 

Water-based Fire Suppression Systems

Water-based systems, such as a traditional sprinkler system, use pressurized water to extinguish fires. When activated by heat or smoke, they release water to cool and smother the fire. 

However, these systems are not ideal for server rooms as they can cause significant water damage to expensive and sensitive electronic equipment. The potential for accidental discharge also poses a constant risk to the servers. 

Dry Chemical Fire Suppression Systems

Dry chemical systems use powdered agents like sodium bicarbonate or mono-ammonium phosphate to extinguish fires. They work by interrupting the chemical reaction of the fire and creating a barrier between the fuel and oxygen. 

While effective against various fire types, these systems are not recommended for server rooms. The residue left behind by dry chemical agents can corrode server components and electronics, potentially causing more damage than the fire itself.

What Type of Fire Extinguisher Can Be Used in a Server Room?

Server rooms are primarily at risk for Class C fires involving energized electrical equipment. When selecting a fire extinguisher for these spaces, it's crucial to choose one specifically rated for Class C fires.

Clean agent extinguishers are the most suitable choice for server rooms. These include:

• Halocarbon-based extinguishers (e.g., HCFC-123 or Halotron I, FE-36 or CleanGuard)
• Carbon dioxide (CO2) extinguishers

These extinguishers are effective and don't leave residues that could damage sensitive electronic equipment.

It's important to note that water or foam-based extinguishers should never be used in server rooms. These can cause irreparable damage to servers and other electronic equipment. Additionally, water and foam can conduct electricity, potentially exacerbating the situation.

Protect Your Server Room From Fire Damage  

Server rooms are of critical importance for modern businesses, housing expensive hardware and irreplaceable data. Their vulnerability to electrical fires makes them a crucial focus for any comprehensive fire protection strategy.

Effective server room fire protection goes beyond mere regulatory compliance. It's about safeguarding your business continuity, protecting your employees, and preserving the work that drives your company forward. 

By implementing appropriate fire suppression systems, such as clean agent solutions, and following best practices for fire safety, you can significantly mitigate the risks associated with server room fires.

Don't leave your critical infrastructure vulnerable. Consult with a fire protection specialist experienced in server room hazards to evaluate your current preparedness and develop a tailored protection plan.